|

Lifestyle Design: How to Craft Your Routine for Learning

Sharing is caring!

I have always paid attention to lifestyle design, recognizing its profound impact on our daily lives.

What about you?

What does your ideal life look like in your imagination?

Do you envision a traditional job with a secure paycheck at the end of the month, or do you prefer to be your own boss and chart your own path to success and financial freedom?

Are you inclined to travel the world as a nomad or expat, working from various corners of the globe?

Do you dream of owning a house, or does a condo suit your lifestyle better?

Is a large family with kids part of your plan, or do you prefer a solitary life?

Perhaps you want to engage in philanthropic work like caring for elephants in Africa or saving animals, or maybe having pets is more your style?

What is your life design?

And when it comes to integrating English learning into your daily routine and life design, how does that fit into your vision for a fulfilling life?

These are important questions that many of us contemplate.

While it encompasses various aspects, one area where lifestyle design plays a pivotal role is in crafting a routine that fosters effective learning.

In this exploration of lifestyle design, I will look into the significance of creating a purposeful daily routine to enhance your language learning and achieve your goals.

Join me as we unravel the secrets of optimizing your lifestyle for successful language acquisition and personal growth.

Understanding Lifestyle Design

Lifestyles design

What is Lifestyle Design

Lifestyle design, also known as life design, is a concept that gained prominence in the early 21st century, popularized by authors and entrepreneurs like Timothy Ferriss, who wrote “The 4-Hour Workweek.”

It’s rooted in the idea of intentionally shaping and designing your life according to your values, desires, and aspirations, rather than adhering to conventional norms or societal expectations.

Before the lifestyle design movement, many people followed traditional life paths, such as getting a 9-to-5 job, buying a house, and working toward retirement.

However, as information technology and globalization expanded opportunities for remote work and entrepreneurship, a shift occurred.

Individuals began to question whether these conventional life paths truly led to happiness and fulfillment.

Lifestyle design encourages people to think critically about what they want from life and to create a customized plan to achieve those goals.

It emphasizes principles like time management, financial freedom, location independence, and maximizing experiences over material possessions.

The idea is to live life on your terms, pursuing your passions and interests while maintaining a healthy work-life balance.

Today, lifestyle design continues to evolve as people seek ways to lead more fulfilling, purpose-driven lives, often leveraging technology and unconventional career choices to do so.

It’s a movement that empowers individuals to break free from the constraints of traditional lifestyles and pursue their dreams with intentionality.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant changes in people’s life designs.

First and foremost, remote work became the norm for many industries, prompting a shift towards flexible work arrangements and the option to work from home or any location.

As travel restrictions were enforced, travel plans were put on hold, leading some to eagerly await the chance to explore the world once the pandemic subsided.

Health and well-being also took center stage, with more individuals prioritizing physical and mental health in their life designs, and adopting healthier lifestyles, exercise routines, and mindfulness practices.

The pandemic’s impact on social interactions prompted people to reevaluate the importance of family and friendships, with some choosing to allocate more time to loved ones.

Financial planning gained importance as economic instability became evident, with a focus on emergency savings, investments, and financial security.

Changes in education and career goals were also notable, with online and remote learning options reshaping individuals’ life designs.

Additionally, some turned to philanthropy and community engagement, finding purpose and fulfillment in giving back.

Lastly, more time spent at home led to the exploration of new hobbies and interests, making personal growth and self-improvement a central part of life designs.

The pandemic compelled people to adapt and reconsider their priorities, prompting significant shifts in how they design their lives.

In essence, lifestyle design is all about freedom and taking back control of your time so you can do the things you enjoy.

It’s about making each day count, feeling good, and finding meaning by helping others and leaving your mark on the world.

When it comes to language learning, it means strategically organizing your daily activities and habits to create an environment that fosters effective learning.

In simpler terms, it’s about taking the driver’s seat in your life and making deliberate choices to facilitate your language acquisition.

Imagine your life as a canvas, and lifestyle design as the art of painting it with the colors of your dreams and goals.

In this context, you’ll be painting a multilingual masterpiece, and routines will serve as your brushes and strokes.

You can also read:

Mastering the Language Learning Process: How to Unlock Proficiency

From Procrastinator to Achiever: Proven Strategies to Boost Productivity

Unlocking Language Acquisition: Key Elements of Learning a New Language

Unlocking Successful English Learning: Beyond Grammar and Vocabulary Rules 

3 Great Actionable Tips for Successful English Studies

pin of the article

Principles of Lifestyle Design

The principles of lifestyle design provide a framework for crafting a life that aligns with your aspirations and values.

First, it starts with defining your core values and gaining clarity on what truly matters to you.

Setting clear, SMART goals serves as a roadmap, guiding your journey toward your envisioned lifestyle.

Embracing freedom in its various forms—financial, temporal, and geographic—gives you greater autonomy over your choices and how you allocate your time.

The ethos of working smart, not hard, emphasizes efficiency and effectiveness in all endeavors, enabling you to achieve more with less effort.

In the pursuit of a well-designed life, prioritizing experiences over possessions becomes paramount.

By accumulating enriching memories and engaging in diverse activities, you embrace a more fulfilling existence.

Effective time management techniques empower you to optimize your day, striking a balance between work and personal life.

Continuous learning is a cornerstone, ensuring your adaptability in a rapidly changing world.

Furthermore, a willingness to experiment and iterate allows for ongoing refinement of your lifestyle.

Giving back to your community or a cause you hold dear can infuse your life with purpose and fulfillment.

Designing your physical and digital environments to support your goals encourages productivity and inspiration.

Lastly, the cultivation of healthy habits, from physical fitness to mental well-being, underscores the importance of self-care in your journey toward a well-designed life.

These principles collectively shape the path to a life that reflects your values and aspirations.

In the light of language learning these principles encompass:

  • Setting well-defined language learning objectives,
  • Giving priority to what truly matters in your linguistic endeavors,
  • Optimizing your daily routines to maximize both productivity and learning outcomes.

If you want to learn how to accelerate your language learning with ChatGPT with my step-by-step guide you can read it in paperback or read it on Kindle.

The Role of Routines

Routines form the backbone of lifestyle design.

They provide structure, consistency, and predictability, which are invaluable for language learning.

In our exploration of this aspect, we’ll highlight how routines serve as the scaffolding upon which your language skills are built.

You’ll discover how routines can create an ideal learning environment, how they nurture the growth of language-learning habits, and how to fine-tune them to cater to your specific preferences and requirements.

Picture your routines as the architects of your linguistic success.

Stay with me to learn more about the life design process.

What is a life design process?

A life design process is a structured approach to intentionally shaping and creating a life that aligns with your values, goals, and aspirations.

It involves thoughtful planning, self-discovery, and ongoing reflection. While there are various ways to approach life design, here is a general outline of the life design process:

  1. Self-Reflection and Assessment:
    • Begin by reflecting on your current life and what is important to you. Consider your values, passions, strengths, and areas for improvement.
    • Assess your current circumstances, including your career, relationships, health, and financial situation.
    • Ask yourself meaningful questions, such as “What brings me joy?” and “What are my long-term goals?”
  2. Set Clear Goals:
    • Define specific and achievable short-term and long-term goals. These goals should be aligned with your values and aspirations.
    • Use the SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) criteria to ensure that your goals are well-defined.
  3. Create a Vision:
    • Develop a clear and inspiring vision of the life you want to design. Imagine your ideal future in detail, including your career, lifestyle, relationships, and personal growth.
  4. Design Your Action Plan:
    • Break down your goals into actionable steps. Create a detailed plan that outlines what you need to do to achieve each goal.
    • Prioritize your goals and determine the order in which you will work on them.
  5. Seek Inspiration:
    • Look for inspiration from books, podcasts, mentors, and role models who have achieved similar goals or have a lifestyle you admire.
  6. Experiment and Learn:
    • Be open to trying new things and experimenting with different approaches to achieve your goals. Not everything will work, and that’s okay. Learn from your experiences.
  7. Adapt and Adjust:
    • Life design is an ongoing process. Be prepared to adapt and make adjustments to your plan as circumstances change or as you gain new insights.
  8. Build Support Networks:
    • Surround yourself with supportive individuals who can encourage and guide you on your life design journey.
    • Consider seeking the help of a life coach or mentor who can provide valuable insights and accountability.
  9. Monitor Your Progress:
    • Regularly assess your progress toward your goals. Celebrate your achievements and make any necessary revisions to your plan.
  10. Practice Self-Care:
    • Prioritize self-care to maintain your physical and mental well-being. Healthy habits can contribute to your overall success and happiness.
  11. Stay Committed:
    • Commitment and consistency are key to life design. Stay focused on your goals and maintain the discipline to follow through with your plan.
  12. Celebrate Achievements:
    • Acknowledge your accomplishments and milestones along the way. Celebrating your successes can boost motivation and morale.
  13. Give Back:
    • Consider how you can contribute to others and make a positive impact on your community or the world. Giving back can add meaning to your life.

HEADS UP! The life design process is highly individualized, and everyone’s journey will be different. It’s important to remain flexible and open to new opportunities and challenges. Life design is an ongoing pursuit of creating a life that reflects your authentic self and brings you fulfillment and purpose.

The Connection Between Lifestyle Design and Learning

Lifestyles design collage

Enhancing the Learning Experience

Now that we understand the essence of lifestyle design, let’s explore how it can transform your language learning experience.

By crafting a routine that aligns with your English learning goals, you create an environment conducive to progress.

We’ll delve into the practical aspects of this transformation, from fostering motivation to reducing distractions and enhancing your focus.

Imagine your daily life as a stage where your English learning unfolds.

With lifestyle design, you have the power to set the stage with optimal lighting, sound, and props, ensuring that every moment is a meaningful and impactful learning experience.

Benefits of Alignment

The benefits of aligning your routine with your English learning goals are multifaceted.

In this section, we’ll unravel these advantages.

You’ll discover how a well-crafted routine can boost your productivity, elevate your language proficiency, and even enrich your life beyond language acquisition.

We’ll discuss how these benefits extend beyond the realm of vocabulary and grammar, positively influencing your overall personal and professional development.

Think of lifestyle design as the key that unlocks a treasure chest of opportunities.

When your routine harmonizes with your language learning objectives, you not only acquire new words and phrases but also cultivate skills, insights, and experiences that shape you into a more empowered and knowledgeable individual.

A well-crafted routine is akin to a hidden treasure trove of benefits waiting to be unearthed.

It has the remarkable ability to not only supercharge your productivity but also elevate your language proficiency to new heights. Beyond the realms of vocabulary and grammar, it enriches your life in ways you might not have imagined.

The routine’s influence extends far and wide, positively impacting your overall personal and professional development.

Imagine this: as you diligently follow your daily language learning schedule, you not only sharpen your communication skills but also fine-tune your time management abilities.

You become adept at setting priorities, managing tasks efficiently, and sticking to deadlines—a boon in both your personal and professional life.

Your enhanced discipline doesn’t stop there; it spills over into your daily routines, instilling a sense of purpose and structure.

Moreover, a well-structured routine fosters consistency, which is the bedrock of language proficiency.

Regular practice, vocabulary drills, and cultural immersion become second nature.

With each passing day, your language skills flourish, and you find yourself engaging effortlessly in conversations, both casual and professional.

But here’s the magical part: it doesn’t stop at language acquisition.

As you commit to your routine, you cultivate a growth mindset—a key attribute in the world of personal development.

Challenges are viewed as opportunities for learning, and setbacks are seen as stepping stones to progress.

This newfound perspective transcends language learning and permeates every facet of your life.

In your professional arena, the benefits are undeniable.

Your ability to communicate effectively in multiple languages opens doors to a broader spectrum of opportunities, whether it’s networking with international clients, expanding your career horizons, or even venturing into global markets.

Your routine, meticulously designed for language growth, inadvertently propels your career growth.

Outside the professional realm, the rewards continue to unfold.

Your heightened communication skills facilitate more profound connections with people from diverse backgrounds.

You become a global citizen, comfortable navigating through different cultures and understanding nuanced perspectives.

Your enriched life experiences extend to travel, where you can immerse yourself fully in foreign cultures and explore the world with ease.

Look at a well-structured routine designed for English learning as a powerful catalyst. It ignites a chain reaction of personal and professional development, bolstering your productivity, language proficiency, and overall quality of life.

It’s not merely about words and sentences; it’s about transforming your entire outlook, opening doors to opportunities you never thought possible, and enriching your journey through life.

What are the goals of life design in language learning?

The goal of life design in language learning is to create a tailored and effective experience that aligns with an individual’s lifestyle, goals, and preferences.

Please look at some specific goals of applying life design principles to language learning:

  • Customized Learning Path
  • Optimized Learning Environment
  • Time Management
  • Integration with Daily Life
  • Adaptive Strategies
  • Motivation and Engagement
  • Well-Being
  • Goal Achievement
  • Sustainable Learning
  • Integration of Technology

Crafting Your Learning Routine

Lifestyles design collage

Evaluate Your Existing Routine and Identify Areas for Enhancement

  • Analyze your current daily schedule and recognize any inefficiencies or unproductive habits.
  • Pinpoint moments in your routine where language learning can be seamlessly integrated.

Practical Tips for Designing a Routine That Fuels Learning

  • Allocate dedicated time for language learning each day, considering your most productive hours.
  • Set specific language learning goals and break them down into manageable tasks.
  • Incorporate a variety of learning activities, such as reading, listening, speaking, and writing, to keep your routine engaging.
  • Utilize language learning apps and resources tailored to your goals and interests.
  • Establish a dedicated workspace that promotes focus and minimizes distractions.
  • Prioritize consistency in your routine, making language learning a non-negotiable part of your day.
  • Implement techniques like spaced repetition and visualization to enhance memory retention.

Crafting an effective learning routine is crucial for achieving language learning goals and ensuring steady progress.

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

Lifestyles design collage

Recognizing Common Mistakes in Incorporating Lifestyle Design

Recognizing common mistakes in incorporating lifestyle design is crucial to avoid pitfalls that can hinder progress.

  • neglecting to define clear and specific goals
  • underestimating the importance of time management
  • poor planning
  • prioritizing studying over the well-being
  • disregarding the need for a balanced and healthy lifestyle causing burnout
  • failing to adapt and iterate as needed

What I’ve learned over the years is that when you encounter a problem, the only way to resolve it is to confront it.

Step 1: Acknowledge the issue and write it down.

Step 2: Determine how to address it by creating a list of possible solutions.

Step 3: Track your progress and make necessary adjustments.

So, as we consider potential challenges in designing our lives for language learning, let’s compile a list of how to overcome them

How to Overcome Challenges

Lifestyles design

I would suggest starting with some examples of using the 3 steps approach:

Challenge 1: Lack of Time

  • Step 1: Acknowledge the issue: Realize that time constraints are impacting your language learning.
  • Step 2: How to fix it: Identify time pockets in your daily routine, such as during your commute, lunch breaks, or before bed, and allocate them for language practice.
  • Step 3: Track and adjust: Monitor your progress during these dedicated time slots. Adjust your schedule as needed to maintain consistency.

Challenge 2: Motivation Slumps

  • Step 1: Acknowledge the issue: Recognize when your motivation dips or you feel demotivated.
  • Step 2: How to fix it: Create a list of motivational triggers, like setting short-term goals, rewarding yourself after reaching milestones, or connecting with language enthusiasts online for inspiration.
  • Step 3: Track and adjust: Keep a journal of your motivation levels and the strategies that work best for you. Adjust your motivation-boosting tactics accordingly.

Challenge 3: Overwhelming Resources

  • Step 1: Acknowledge the issue: Realize that an abundance of language learning resources can be overwhelming.
  • Step 2: How to fix it: Make a list of the most effective and enjoyable resources that suit your learning style, such as language apps, textbooks, or language exchange partners.
  • Step 3: Track and adjust: Regularly review your chosen resources and adjust your selection if you find that some are not as beneficial as others.

Challenge 4: Consistency Hurdles

  • Step 1: Acknowledge the issue: Understand that maintaining consistent language practice can be challenging.
  • Step 2: How to fix it: Develop a study schedule or use language learning apps that send daily reminders. Find an accountability partner to help you stay on track.
  • Step 3: Track and adjust: Keep a log of your daily language practice and adjust your schedule if you notice patterns of inconsistency.

Challenge 5: Limited Opportunities for Speaking

  • Step 1: Acknowledge the issue: Recognize that lack of speaking opportunities can hinder language fluency.
  • Step 2: How to fix it: Seek out language exchange partners, join language clubs or forums, or consider online tutoring to practice speaking.
  • Step 3: Track and adjust: Monitor your speaking progress and adjust your language learning routine to include more conversational practice if needed.

HEADS UP! Facing challenges and proactively finding solutions is a valuable skill in achieving your aspirations.

BONUS TIPS

collage believe in yourself

Power Tip # 1.  Be Dedicated

It is my conclusion, but I suspect it holds true: Lifestyle design is primarily suitable for dedicated learners.

However, I’m open to discussion and would welcome your input if you have a different perspective based on your own experiences

Lifestyle design is for serious learners only

“Lifestyle design is for serious learners only” underscores the idea that individuals who are genuinely committed to mastering a new language should consider adopting a lifestyle design approach.

Here’s an explanation of my statement:

Commitment to Language Learning

Serious learners are those who are dedicated and committed to achieving proficiency in a foreign language.

They understand the importance of language skills in achieving their personal or professional goals, whether it’s for career advancement, travel, cultural enrichment, or effective communication.

Prioritizing Language Learning

Serious learners prioritize language learning in their daily lives.

They recognize that mastering a language requires a significant investment of time and effort and are willing to make it a central part of their routines.

Efficiency and Effectiveness

Serious learners are focused on achieving results.

They seek efficient and effective strategies to accelerate their language acquisition, understanding that not all approaches are equally productive.

Customized Learning Paths

Lifestyle design allows serious learners to create tailored learning paths that align with their specific goals and preferences.

They are proactive in designing routines and environments that optimize language learning opportunities.

Consistency

Serious learners understand the importance of consistency in language learning. They are committed to practicing regularly, whether it’s through daily language sessions, immersive experiences, or other consistent practices.

Adaptability

Serious learners are adaptable and open to experimenting with different learning methods and resources.

They are willing to adjust their strategies based on their progress and evolving needs.

Incorporating Language into Life

For serious learners, language learning becomes an integral part of their daily lives.

They find ways to seamlessly integrate language practice into activities they already enjoy, such as reading, watching films, or socializing.

Resilience

Serious learners are resilient in the face of challenges.

They recognize that language acquisition may involve occasional setbacks or frustrations but remain determined to overcome obstacles.

Goal-Driven

Serious learners set clear language learning goals and work systematically to achieve them.

They track their progress, celebrate milestones, and continuously strive for improvement.

Long-Term Perspective

Serious learners embrace a long-term perspective on language learning.

They view it as a lifelong journey rather than a short-term endeavor, understanding that language proficiency is an ongoing process.

Commitment to Cultural Understanding

Language learning is not just about words; it’s also about understanding culture.

Serious learners are interested in delving into the cultural nuances, customs, and perspectives associated with the language they are studying.

Building a Language Community

Serious learners may seek out language exchange partners, join language-related communities, or engage in collaborative learning experiences to further their language skills and understanding.

I believe that serious learners approach language learning with dedication, consistency, adaptability, and a long-term perspective, ultimately maximizing their chances of success.

Do you agree?

Power Tip # 2. Define what you don’t want

Defining what you don’t want in the context of learning is essential for effective personal growth and educational progress.

When applied to your learning routine, it means identifying and avoiding the elements or approaches that hinder your learning process or lead to undesirable outcomes. Here’s how defining what you don’t want can benefit your learning efforts:

Learning Methods

You may realize that traditional classroom-based learning doesn’t suit your learning style, and you don’t want to limit your education to that format. Instead, you seek more flexible and personalized learning methods, such as online courses, self-study, or experiential learning.

Procrastination

You acknowledge that procrastination is a significant obstacle to your learning goals, and you don’t want to continue this habit. By defining what you don’t want (procrastination), you can focus on adopting time management and productivity strategies to stay on track.

Lack of Motivation

If you’ve experienced a lack of motivation in your learning endeavors, you can define this as something you don’t want. This can drive you to explore ways to stay motivated, such as setting clear goals, finding your passion for the subject matter, or joining study groups for accountability.

Ineffective Resources

You might recognize that using outdated or inadequate learning resources doesn’t support your educational objectives. Thus, you don’t want to waste time on resources that don’t add value to your learning.

You can then prioritize finding high-quality, relevant resources.

Overwhelming Workload

If you’ve struggled with an overwhelming workload that hinders your comprehension and retention of information, you can define this as something you don’t want.

In response, you can seek strategies for time management, breaking tasks into manageable chunks, and maintaining a healthy work-life-study balance.

Negative Learning Environment

You may have experienced a negative or unsupportive learning environment, such as a noisy or distracting setting.

Lack of Feedback

Recognizing that a lack of feedback impedes your progress, you can define it as something you don’t want. This prompts you to actively seek feedback from peers, instructors, or mentors to enhance your learning experience.

Isolation

If you find that isolation leads to disengagement or a lack of accountability in your learning process, you can define it as something you don’t want.

Consequently, you can explore opportunities for collaborative learning, group discussions, or study partnerships.

HEADS UP! Set clear boundaries and priorities. This allows you to make informed choices, adopt effective strategies, and maintain a positive and productive approach to learning. It empowers you to create a tailored learning experience that aligns with your goals and aspirations, ultimately leading to better educational outcomes.

Power Tip # 3. Engage in more meaningful self-reflection when it comes to language learning

Take the time to have deeper conversations with yourself regarding your language learning perspectives.

This involves:

  • Introspection
  • self-assessment to understand your goals
  • motivations,
  • learning preferences  

I can hear you asking: “Why do I need to do that?

It is simple: You can tailor your learning routine to align with your specific needs and aspirations.

For example, you might ask yourself questions like:

What are my reasons for learning this language?

What level of proficiency do I want to achieve?

What learning methods work best for me?

HEADS UP! This introspective approach can lead to a more effective and personalized learning experience.

Power Tip # 4. Embrace all the items you’ve listed and begin anticipating their achievement

It means that once you’ve created a list of your language learning goals and aspirations, you should fully accept and believe in your ability to achieve them.

This mindset shift is crucial for success.

This positive mindset can greatly enhance your motivation and determination to work towards those goals.

When you genuinely believe that you can achieve something, you’re more likely to put in the effort and persist through challenges.

For example, if one of your language learning goals is to become fluent in Spanish, embracing this goal means fully accepting that you can achieve fluency.

You start expecting that, with dedication and the right approach, you will reach that level of proficiency.

This mental shift can drive you to consistently practice, engage in learning activities, and seek opportunities to use the language, ultimately helping you achieve your goal.

Embracing and expecting the achievement of your learning goals is a mindset shift that can boost your motivation, drive, and overall success in your language learning.

It’s about believing in yourself and your abilities to reach your desired level of proficiency.

Eliminate any negative thoughts from your mind, and refrain from lamenting what you lack in your life.

 All the positive changes and opportunities you desire are already on their way to you; you simply need to prepare yourself to receive them. This begins with the initial expectation that these positive developments are imminent.

Recognize that your current circumstances and your personal growth are the outcomes of every decision you’ve made throughout your life.

Decisions hold incredible power, more than we often acknowledge.

Therefore, moving forward, your decisions should align with your life design plan and your new mindset, as well as your enhanced spiritual awareness.

If you’ve already been practicing the law of expectation and attraction, you can refine the vision in your mind.

Your thoughts should be stronger than any doubts or external factors attempting to pull you into conformity with the crowd.

This process of life design and self-discovery is essential not only for learning but even before making substantial life changes, such as transitioning to a digital nomad, launching a new business, or becoming your own boss.

Conclusion: Lifestyle Design: How to Craft Your Routine for Learning

The path to mastering a language isn’t solely about studying; it’s about actively shaping your life to support your studies.

Lifestyle design plays a pivotal role in this process, allowing you to craft routines that align with your language learning goals and overall well-being.

In this discussion, we’ve explored the connection between lifestyle design and language learning, along with practical ways to incorporate it into your learning routine.

We’ve also highlighted common mistakes and provided a three-step approach to fix them.

As a bonus, we’ve touched on the importance of dedication, honesty with yourself, self-exploration of your life and learning desires, and maintaining a positive belief in your ability to achieve your goals.

I’ve put my best effort into making this article informative and offering valuable insights.

 I sincerely hope that my experiences and advice can serve as a guiding light on your learning and improvement.

Now it’s time to apply these insights and start crafting your learning routine through lifestyle design.

Take the first step toward language proficiency and a more enriched life by embracing this holistic approach to learning.

Thank you for reading, and I look forward to connecting with you again soon.

M.K.

Sharing is caring!

Similar Posts

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *